The Various Shades Of Monopolies And Perfect Competition

The Various Shades of Monopolies and Perfect Competition Robert Sturdevant Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract Monopolies are always known to hold a limited amount of control over its particular market and that gives them the dominant ability to control the prices for its goods or services, or in other words, they represent the market. They indeed have detrimental effects on consumer and social welfare, which is why most do not agree with them. This paper is an attempt to address the various points of monopolies in a society of competition. Keywords: Monopoly, Perfect Competition, Price maker, Barriers The Various Shades of Monopolies and Perfect Competition The perfectly competitive firm is considered the price†¦show more content†¦For this reason, a pure monopolistic company is not so intent on selling the most expensive product, but instead places their intent on maximizing their profits (McKenzie, 1998). To some extent, the pure monopolistic firm varies from just a monopolistic firm partly because of the number of competitors involved in a monopolistic venue which is less than one hundred. A monopolistic firm can be defined as a firm that has a relatively large number of firms, differentiated products which is promoted with heavy advertising, and easy entry/exit from the industry itself. Monopolistic competition consists of small market shares, meaning a firm has a relatively small percentage of the total market and limited control over the market price. Because of the fairly large number of firms involved confirms that no involvement by a certain group of firms can happen so there can be no restrictions on output of the products and a set price is unlikely and the involvement of several firms, each firm controls their own pricing without facing retribution from the other firms . This is quite a blatant difference between pure monopolistic firms being that pure monopolistic firms control the price and face no competition whatsoever in terms of products. Utility companies are considered to be pure monopolistic in nature. 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The Conflict Between Rwanda And The Rwandan Genocide Essay

Bodies lying in the streets. People hacking each other with machetes and other bladed weapons. Blood splattering the ground. Such was the scene in the spring of 1994 in the African country of Rwanda. The Rwandan Genocide claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of lives over the course of 100 days because of racial tensions between the Hutus and the Tutsis. Over twenty years later, the two tribes live together, but it is an uneasy peace. Tensions between the Hutus and the Tutsis can be traced back to the end of the First World War. Rwanda was placed under the control of Belgium because of a League of Nations mandate. Within the first few years, it was clear that Belgium favored the Tutsis rather than the majority Hutus. This gave the people the feeling that there was a tendency of using â€Å"few to oppress the many† (Staff). The Hutus staged a revolution in 1959, and overthrew the Tutsi monarch. After a U.N debate, Rwanda was granted its independence in 1962. Eventually, over ten years later, a military group managed to get Major General Juvenal Habyarimana in power. A moderate Hutu, Habyarimana spent the next twenty years leading the country. In the early 1990s, Tutsi refugees formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and invaded Rwanda. After signing a cease fire with the RPF, Habyarimana agreed to sign an agreement that would allow a transition of government, of which the RPF would be allowed to participate in. Hutu extremists were outraged at their leader’s decision.Show MoreRelatedA Look at the Rwandan Genocide Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pagesare suffering and have very little hope. Genocide is the only reason. Everything could have been prevented if genocide didn’t exist. The world basically ignored the genocide and pretended like it never happened because they didn’t want to sp end the money. Thousands of people could still be alive if the world stepped up at helped the victims of this horrible crime. Rwanda used to be a peaceful country until the Civil war started. Belgium then took over Rwanda and put the Tutsis in charge of the governmentRead MoreThe Rwanda Of The Rwandan Defence Force904 Words   |  4 Pagesa lack of proper governance. Each conflict has its own individual history, perpetrators, victims and bystanders with difficult answers on how to solve them. The post-genocide nation of Rwanda witnessed one of the most horrific events a nation could experience, genocide. However, it has rebuilt itself to become an example nation for transitional justice, political stability and economic development. Rwanda’s military capabilities within the institute of the Rwandan Defence Force (RDF) are well knownRead MoreGhosts of Rwanda Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesGhosts of Rwanda Reflection Does the Genocide in Rwanda have a singular cause? I do not believe so; the cause of genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was due to years of built up hatred between the Tutsis and the Hutus along with many other occurrences. The Rwandan Genocide is no exception with many variables contributing to the horrific events that took place. According to the documentary Ghosts of Rwanda, in 1994, Rwanda experienced a premeditated, systematic and state sponsored genocide with the aimRead MoreRwandan Genocide1017 Words   |  5 Pageshas been an interesting location of conflicts. From the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea to the revolutionary conflict in Libya and Egypt, one of the greatest conflicts is the Rwandan Genocide. The Rwandan Genocide included two tribes in Rwanda: Tutsis and Hutus. Upon revenge, the Hutus massacred many Tutsis and other Hutus that supported the Tutsis. This gruesome war lasted for a 100 days. Up to this date, there have been many devastating effects on Rwanda and the global community. 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The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 2287 Words

The Great Gatsby- RRS Title: The Great Gatsby Publication Date: 1925 Author: Francis Scott Fitzgerald Nationality: American Author’s Birth/Death Date: September 24, 1896 - December 21, 1940 Distinguishing Traits of Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald was a novelist and scriptwriter, born in Minnesota to an Irish-Catholic Family. Due to his father’s job as a salesman, Fitzgerald and his family moved around in upstate New York until he reached the age of 12, which correlates with the scenery he sets in The Great Gatsby between the West Egg and East Egg of New York. As his life progressed, certain aspects of Fitzgerald’s life began to reflect in his novel, The Great Gatsby. When he was 15 years old, his parents sent him to a†¦show more content†¦The difference between the two is that Fitzgerald earned enough money to convince Zelda to marry him, while Gatsby earned his money in an untimely fashion, causing Daisy to move on to other men. After the completion of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald began to succumb to the temptation of alcohol while his wife suffered from mental illnesses. She later was admitted to a mental health hospital, inspiring the story of Tend er is the Night. Despite never achieving much success while he was alive, Fitzgerald is now regarded as one of the greatest American authors of all time. Setting: The novel of The Great Gatsby takes place in Long Island and New York during the eventful summer of 1922. On a â€Å"slender riotous island which extends itself due east of New York† (4), there are two bodies of land, identical in their egg-like shape, which are separated by a bay of water. The West Egg, the less luxurious of the two, is where Gatsby’s and Nick Carraway’s houses reside. Nick, being a modest and humble man, lived at the very tip of the egg and wedged between two grand homes. It was â€Å"an eyesore, but it was a small one† (5). To the right of his home was Jay Gatsby’s mansion, which resembled the Hotel de Ville in Normandy. His less-than-humble abode featured a tower on one side covered in raw ivy, a marble swimming pool, and a vast amount

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Answer: Introduction: Garriock v Football Federation Australia[1]is amongst the recent cases of Australia which saw a claim of unlawful discrimination being brought forward by a female football player in the New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal where the Tribunal held that the discrimination which had been alleged by the plaintiff was not a condition or requirement based on the anti discriminatory act of NSW. In this case, the plaintiff was Heather Garriock and the defendant was the Football Federation Australia. Heather had represented Australia in three world cups and two Olympics[2]. The plaintiff was a former Matilda, Olympian and a football player and was also the mother of Kaizen, a three year old child. She raised a complaint against the Federation for rejecting the request which she had made regarding her the costs of her child for the period during which she would be on the tour in USA, while she was offered a spot on the 3-week football tour. It was stated by Heather that the standa rd pay for the Federation in the matter of the previous tour was almost half of the child care costs of her daughter[3]. Through this tour of USA, Heather was to get an overall sum of $2,440 which included a pay of $500 for every game and a paid allowance of $1500 for the two week tour[4]. The claims made by the plaintiff were related to the conduct of the Federation regarding the indirect discrimination against her, which led to the provisions of the Anti-Discrimination Act, 1997[5] having being breached. The basis of this allegation was over the unlawfulness of the discrimination against an employee by the employer relating to the responsibility as a carer[6]. She based her claim on section 49V of the Anti-Discrimination Act for the responsibility as carer in context of employment. The key issue raised in this case by Heather was in the matter of identifying the requirements or condition related to the requirements placed before Heather by the Federation and which had to be fulfilled. The reason for this was that an indirect discrimination claim had a crucial component of indentifying a requirement or a condition. The unlawful conduct of the Federation was related to imposing the requirement or condition which was brought forward for a player in the matter of fulfilling the same, in comparison to the other players, and this was an unreasonable thing. The players were required to take the full responsibility in this case for the alterative carer arrangements for their children during the tour and also for the costs associated with it. The alternative requirement required the players to undergo the tour in which the full responsibility regarding the substitute maternal care arrangements for the child had to be borne by the player and also for the costs associated with it[7]. What was argued on behalf of Heather Garriock? And why? It was argued on behalf of Heather that the conduct of the defendant had been a direct contravention of section 49V (1) (c), 49V (2) (a) and 49V (2) (d) of the Anti-Discrimination Act due to the discrimination against her for the responsibilities as a carer in the terms of the tour which had been offered, as she was discriminated in the matter of condition of employer which the employer affords and also for the detriment of the employee. Another claim made by the plaintiff was that she was an employee of the Federation which made the pertinent sections apply on her. Though, this claim was denied by the Federation. This issue was not disputed as the provisions of section 49V applied on the people working under a contract and this was not contested by the defendant as the plaintiff was working based on a contract[8]. Heather also claimed an indirect discrimination based on section 49T (1) (b) of the Anti-Discrimination Act. It was claimed that there had been indirect discrimination on the basis of the obligations which the plaintiff held as carer since she had to obey the requirements put by the Federation, which was an unreasonable thing to do. The requirement related to the responsibility of the costs associated with the care of her daughter being imposed on her during the tour of USA. In the matter of the claims of the Federation, she rejected that the impugned were applicable on her[9]. In this regard, she highlighted Freemes testimony in the matter of applicability of these requirements as a general rule which applied on every player who took part in the US tour[10]. She made reference to the case of Hurst v State of Queensland[11] for the claim of the Federation and stated that she was the only one who had to deal with the requirements as they only applied on her. What was argued on behalf of the Football Federation of Australia? And why? The argument presented by the Federation was that the conduct which the plaintiff had claimed in this case was not covered under the sections she quoted. It was also provided that these impugned requirements had not been posed over the plaintiff at any stage and for this reference was made to the time when the plaintiff was hired and the duration of the tour in which she was engaged. This was also not a pre-requisite for the selection as member of Matilda. The argument made by the Federation provided that the full complaint had been conceived in a wrong manner since the requirement and alternative requirements were not required to be followed by Heather or by any player who was on the tour to USA. As per the defendant, they were not required to bring the child of the plaintiff on the tour or to bear the costs of bringing her to the tour. This decision was to be adhered to on the tour for the relatives and for the dependent children as this was a personal issue and was not in any mann er related to the conditions on which the players had been selected for the tour. Another point argued by the Federation was the unfairness of characterising the denial for accommodating the demands of the plaintiff for bearing the costs related to the child on tour, in the matter of the provisions of requirement covered in section 49T(1)(b) of the Anti-Discrimination Act[12]. The Federation also contended that despite the notion of Heather where the defendant was required to pay for the costs of child required as their responsibility, she had failed in showing that an industrial legislation or contract required the Federation to contribute to the costs of child care, which was an addition costs, and which she would be bearing during the said US tour. It was also stated by the defendant that there was a shortage of evidence which could be sufficient to show that the requirement had been placed on the players for fulfilling the impugned requirements. The reason for this was the plaintiff being the only person on this tour who was not affiliated to the Matildas playing contract and was the only person who had the responsibilities as a carer for a small child. The impugned requirements had also been stated in such manner that they were applicable only for the plaintiff[13]. And this was a key issue in the claims made by the plaintiff for the requirement to be fulfilled by the entire group, based on Australian Iron and Steel Pty Limited v Banovic[14]. What did the Tribunal decide? And why? The application made by the plaintiff was rejected by the tribunal in this case due to the impugned requirements not being the requirements as per the sections quoted by the plaintiff. The Tribunal went on to show that in order to form this as a requirement or a condition based on the provisions of the Anti-Discrimination Act, the employer was under a duty regarding the requirement having been applicable on every employee and not just on the plaintiff. This was based on the fact that the provisions of the act in the matter of indirect discrimination, in which the decision making party is under the obligation of deciding upon the major high proportion of a person in absence of a related feature for either complying with or being able to comply with the requirements, as compared to the person having the required characteristics[15]. For the present case it was held by the Tribunal that Heather was the only person who was required to adhere to the requirement or the alternative requirement. The remaining players on this US based tour were not under any carer responsibilities for a child and also, none of the other players had a child with them. So, based on this, the Tribunal was of the view that it could not be shown that the other players, without the carer responsibilities, had the duty for alternative carer arrangement for the period of the tour or for the costs which had to be born for doing the same. The Tribunal expressed their view that the Federation would possibly have to face a lot of criticism in the matter of this issue where the same is considered as a mean spirited thing and also presents the inflexible attitude of the Federation towards its players, based on the view of the plaintiff. However, the statute applicable here did not cover the remedy for all kinds of discrimination[16]. A comparison was drawn by the Tribunal of this case to the case of Hurst and Devlin v Education Queensland[17] which was related to the young student with hearing impairment. In this case, the students were under an obligation regarding accepting of the education and getting the instructions in English without the help of Auslan teacher or any interpreter. In this case, the plaintiff was the only student in the entire class who had these characterises which gave rise to a claim of discrimination due to his hearing impairment. The negative impact of this obligation was based on Hurt and also on all of the other students in that classroom, even when they faced no problem in conforming to these conditions. This case and the case of Heather had difference in the sense that the applicable condition of the Hurst v State of Queensland case had to be obeyed by all the students[18]. In the matter of the emails which had been exchanged between Freeme and the plaintiff, specifically in the matter of the statement made by Freeme for the same not being an obligation of the employer to pay for the costs of the child care, apart from the admission made in oral evidence regarding the simple reliance on the defendants position for a person who wanted to bring their children on the tour, to bear the costs of the children brought with them. This was enough to show that the defendant had not singled out the plaintiff and that the plaintiff had only been subjected to a common rule which was applicable on all the players. For deciding on the matter of the plaintiff being engaged in the playing contract of Matildas, a comparison was drawn to the case of Bonella Ors v Wollongong City Council[19] for identifying the base group. The composition of a group is not covered in the provisions of the Anti-Discrimination act and they have to be changed based on the particular situatio n of the relevant case. Based on the case of Commonwealth Bank v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission[20] it had to be shown that the significance of the pertinent features for complying with the impugned requirements. Having being engaged in the different terms as a contrast to the other players, it could not be shown how the touring team formed an improper based group, on which the requirements could be applied in an equal manner. Thus, the claim of the plaintiff on the basis of Hurst v State of Queensland could not relate to the problem which had been highlighted[21]. In the end, the Tribunal concluded that if it gave the verdict of an unlawful discrimination against the defendant, the defendant would be unnecessarily put in a strained position, even when it adopted the most liberal interpretation of the provisions of the NSW Anti-Discrimination Act. Hence, they rejected the complaint of the plaintiff made against the defendant. Bibliography Australian Iron and Steel Pty Limited v Banovic [1989] HCA 56; (1989) 168 CLR 165 Bonella Ors v Wollongong City Council [2001] NSWADT 194 Commonwealth Bank v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1997) 150 ALR 1 Garriock v Football Federation Australia [2016] NSWCATAD 63 Hurst and Devlin v Education Queensland [2005] FCA 405 Hurst v State of Queensland [2006] FCAFC 100 Anti-Discrimination Board of NSW, Matildas childcare case fails (May 2016) https://www.antidiscrimination.justice.nsw.gov.au/Pages/legal-cases/matildas-childcare-case-fails.aspx Maddocks, 2016 In Review (2016) https://www.maddocks.com.au/app/uploads/2014/10/Maddocks-Employment-Safety-People-2016-In-Review.pdf New South Wales Case Law, Garriock v Football Federation Australia [2016] NSWCATAD 63 (2016) https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/5705a150e4b05f2c4f04c9c6 PCC Lawyers, Unlawful discrimination: Garriock v Football Federation Australia [2016] NSWCATAD 63 (2016) https://www.pcclawyers.com.au/news-centre/recent-law-cases/277-garriock-v-football-federation-australia-2016-nswcatad-63 RobertsonHayles, Indirect Discrimination (25 May 2016) https://www.robertsonhayles.com.au/indirect-discrimination/ Young J, Even Matildas Need Childcare: an Analysis of Garriock V Football Federation Australia (8 August 2016) https://www.corrs.com.au/publications/corrs-in-brief/even-matildas-need-childcare-an-analysis-of-garriock-v-football-federation-australia/